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[...] Sciences of Berlin, that there are cases in which no such metamorphosis takes place, and the young frog is deve loped directly from the egg without showing any signs of what is usually called the “tadpole” stage. Dr. Peters's noteworthy discovery is based upon obser [...]
[...] a water-plant.” The translator of these observations rightly remarks that the exclusion of the animal out of the egg was not actually witnessed in this case, and that it was possible even in the short time which elapsed between when the [...]
[...] actually witnessed in this case, and that it was possible even in the short time which elapsed between when the eggs were seen and the young frogs appeared, some metamorphosis might have taken place, especially as the subsequent development seems to have been uncommonly [...]
[...] of tree-frogs from eggs placed in dry situations in frothy [...]
[...] quickly placed himself on the female and grasped around her. Not long afterwards she had laid from fifteen to twenty eggs, which, however, mostly soon disappeared— perhaps eaten. “There were subsequently laid five eggs, round, with a [...]
[...] Fig. 1.-Egg of Hylodes martinicensis, twelve days old, lower surface Fig. 2.-Young of Hylodes as it leaves the egg; c, tail. Fig. 3–Adult male Hylodes, natural size. [...]
[...] “Afterwards I found between two leaves of a large Amaryllid, just like Dr. Bello, a batch of more than twenty eggs, upon which the mother was sitting. I cut off the leaf, along with the eggs—upon which the mother jumped off—and placed them in a glass with some [...]
[...] damp earth at the bottom. About the fourteenth day, having returned from an excursion, I found, at 9 A.M., all the eggs hatched, and I remarked on the young ones a little white tail (see Fig. 2, c), which by the aſternoon had altogether disappeared.” [...]
[...] altogether disappeared.” Dr. Gundlach's collection, as Dr. Peters tells us, contains four eggs of this frog, with embryos. They consist of a transparent vesicle of from 45 to 5.5 mill. in diameter, which is partly occupied by an opaque [...]
[...] so he and others will be glad to subscribe. The Woolhope Field Club used to give rewards for the best collection of birds' eggs, but the rule was altered when the mischief of this course as regards ornithology became evident. [...]
[...] to others besides entomologists. By Parthenogensis is meant the power that is possessed by females of pro ducing eggs endowed with vitality, and from which young ones are produced, without impregnation taking place on each occasion. This subject has been extensively [...]
[...] these, two-thirds laid eggs in the autumn, some, one, two, or three eggs only ; others as many as ten or twenty, but yet even at the most not one-twentieth of the eggs of [...]
[...] two, or three eggs only ; others as many as ten or twenty, but yet even at the most not one-twentieth of the eggs of their mother. The other one-third laid no eggs at aii. In all about 400 eggs were collected, which were removed and carefully packed up till April 1868, when a large [...]
[...] watched carefully. It was easily to be seen that this batch of caterpillars possessed far less vitality than those of the previous year. A large number of the eggs dried up and were worthless, some fifty caterpillars alone appear ing, and of these only about forty survived to become [...]
[...] the results of other investigators, which had indicated the probability of the ratio of the males to the females greatly increasing with each additional year. The eggs laid by the females of this year, carefully isolated as before, were packed up during the winter, but when [...]
[...] before, were packed up during the winter, but when examined in the spring of last year, 1870, no caterpillars made their appearance, the eggs became shrivelled up, and the experiment was at an end. There is every reason to believe that it was most carefully conducted, and [...]
[...] whole three years or more that the experiment was being carried on. The results amount to these :— (1.) Aug. 1866, eggs laid by impregnated female; April 1867, caterpillars appear; and, in July, perfect butterflies. (2.) Aug. 1867, eggs laid by females of this year without [...]
[...] impregnation; April 1868, caterpillars appear, and, in July, perfect butterflies. (3.) Aug. 1868, eggs laid by females of this year without impregnation; April 1869, caterpillars appear, and, in July, perfect butterflies. [...]
[...] impregnation; April 1869, caterpillars appear, and, in July, perfect butterflies. (4.) Aug. 1869, eggs laid by females of this year without impregnation; April 1870, no results—the eggs all dried up. [...]
[...] autumn of 1866, three successive broods of caterpillars and, ultimately, of butterflies made their appearance ; and four successive times were eggs laid without further impreg nation, in three of which they proved endowed with vitality. It would take a long series of experiments, each conducted [...]
[...] history of insects after they have quitted the egg. It is obvious, however, that to treat the subject in a satis [...]
[...] ! --~~~~Fig. 30.-Egg of Phryganea (Mystacides). A ', mandibular segment; C' to C5, maxillary, labial, and three thoracic segments; D, abdomen. (aſter Zaddach) 31, Egg of Phryganea somewhat more advanced. 3, [...]
[...] (aſter Zaddach) 31, Egg of Phryganea somewhat more advanced. 3, mandibles; c, maxillae; cfs, rudiments of the three pairs of legs 32. Egg of Pholcus opilionides (after Claparede). 33, Embryo of Julus aſter Newport). [...]
[...] factory manner we must take the development as a whole, from the commencement of the changes in the egg, up to the maturity of the animal, and not suffer ourselves to be confused by the fact that all insects do not leave the egg [...]
[...] in the same stage of embryonal development. For although all young insects when they quit the egg are termed “larvae,” whatever their form may be (the case of the so-called Pupipara not constituting a true exception), [...]
[...] Fig. 30, for instance, represents an egg of Phryganea, as represented by Zaddach in his excellent memoir,t just before the appearance of the appendages. It will [...]
[...] ments of the body, originally six in number, make their appearance on the twentieth day after the deposition of the egg, at which time there were no traces of legs. The larva when it leaves the egg is a soft, white, legless grub (Fig 33), consisting of a head and seven segments, the [...]
[...] cases altogether omitted. For instance, among the Hydroida, in the great majority of cases, the egg produces a body more or less resembling the common Hydra of our ponds, and known technically as the “trophosome,” which develops [...]
[...] AEginidae do not present us with any stage corresponding to the fixed condition of Bougainvillea, but on the contrary are developed direct from the egg. But on the other hand there are groups in which the Medusiform stage becomes less and less important. [...]
[...] letters denote the different arms, a is the mouth, aſ the fesophagus, & the stomach, 6' the intestine, f the ciliated lobes of epaulets, c the young sea-egg. John LUBBOCK [...]
[...] Bibliothèque des Merveilles, by G. F. Rodwell, F.C.S., 187 Bidgood (W.) on the Turdus Whitei, 363 Binnie (Francis G.) on Cuckows' Eggs, 508 Binz (Proſ.), New Body obtained from Quinine, 322 Birchall (Edwin) on Irish Lepidoptera, 267 [...]
[...] Crossness Well-boring, The, 333 Croullebois (M.) on Refraction of Water, 664 Cuckows' Eggs, by Prof. Alfred Newton, F.L.S., 74 ; Letters on, 139, 218, 266, 336, 508; Colouring of 242 Cupric Salts reduced by Tannin, 143 [...]
[...] Dinosauria, Report of Prof. Cope's Paper on, 121 Drainage, the Metropolitan Main, 558 Dresser's (Dr. H. E.) Letter on Cuckows' Eggs, 218 Drink, Our National, by Dr. B. H. Paul, 594 Dublin: Geological Society, 175, 200, 346, 415; Natural History [...]
[...] Newmarch (W.), Inaugural Address of, at the Statistical So ciety, I 19 Newton (Prof. A.) on Cuckows' Eggs, 74, 265 Newton ! Prof., of Yale College) on the November Star Shower, 170, 562 [...]
[...] Slavonians in Turkey, 287 Smee (Mr. Alfred), his Book on the Progress of Thought, 487 Smith (Cecil), Cuckows' Eggs, 242 - [...]
[...] Statistical Society, I 19, 247, 346 Stenosaurus, Discovery of, 89 Sterland (W. J.) on Cuckows' Eggs, 139, 336 Stewart (Dr. Balfour) on Physical Meteorology, IoI, 128, 337; on Terrestrial Magnetism, 264; on What is Energy? 647; [...]
[...] making myself plainly understood. In endeavouring to reply so far as lies in me to his questions, I will take them in order. -- 1. “Are they [Cuckows Eggs] so variable as some assert?" Mr. Sterland supports the doubt here indicated by the statement of “one of the most eminent and experienced of living oolºgists; [...]
[...] one of them, so far as I can gather from their works, was acquainted with Dr. Baldamus's essay. 2 and 3. “Were these [sixteen varieties of eggs] seen to be deposited by the bird, or how were they identified as those of the cuckow 2 . . . . Is there not room for error here?” [...]
[...] deposited by the bird, or how were they identified as those of the cuckow 2 . . . . Is there not room for error here?” The evidence on which the eggs in question were referred to the Cuckow has been printed in full by Dr. Baldamus and the translator of his essay. To repeat it here would occupy much [...]
[...] to do so), perhaps he will permit me to bring forward these birds. I have some reason for believing that the same hen Blackcap constantly lays eggs of similar colour. Do the birds of this species hatched from eggs with reddish shells lay eggs of the same character, or brownish ones, and vice versä & If of the [...]
[...] Papilio inhabiting the same district remain distinct is perhaps more unaccountable than that the different forms of Cuckows' eggs should be preserved, for it does not seem to me unlikely that the colour of the egg and the maternal instincts should depend upon the hen bird; in which case, granting the hereditariness (if [...]
[...] Mr. Dresser and Mr. Cecil Smith which have since appeared. Mr. Dresser says (p. 218) that he “cannot quite agree with Professor Newton that Cuckows' eggs as a rule are subject to great variety.” I am not aware that I had made such an assertion. The nearest approach to it that I can find is my [...]
[...] statement. ... For the knowledge of these I am much obliged to him, as well as for stating the result of his own experience in support of my supposition that the eggs of the same hen Cuckow resemble each other. Mr. Cecil Smith.(p.242) seems to me to be as unfortunate in [...]
[...] single assertion of his as to matters of fact. Mr. Smith, appa. rently, thinks because I have referred to the number of Cuckows' eggs yearly found in nests of the Hedge-Sparrow in this country, without ever bearing any resemblance to the eggs of that bird—a fact, of course, fully admitted by him—that I must [...]
[...] Jeffreys, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 LETTERS To The Editor: Cuckows' Eggs.-Prof. A. Newton . . . . . . . . . . . 265 The Weined Structure of Glaciers.-E. WHYMPER . . . . . .266 Irish Lepidoptera.-Edwin Birch All . . . . . . . . . . 267 [...]
[...] eminent and experienced of living oologists has stated: “As far as my own experience goes, it teaches me that there are not many birds the eggs of which differ less than those of the cuckoo.” On the other hand, Mr. Newton says: “It has long been noto rious to oologists, that the eggs of the cuckow are subject to very [...]
[...] of the cuckoo? Dr. Baldamus does not appear to have taken them all himself. Is there not room for error here? Mr. Newton saw these eggs, appears satisfied that they were those of the cuckoo, and agrees with Dr. Baldamus in his con clusions, that the object of the practice was that the cuckoo's egg [...]
[...] should be “less easily recognised by the foster-parents as a sub stituted one.” How then is this process effected? Mr. Newton's explanation is that each hen cuckoo deposits her eggs only in the nests of one species, that her eggs resemble those of the species whose nest she uses, and that this process is hereditary. [...]
[...] habit of laying a particular style of egg maintained? It is quite ossible that habits may become hereditary; but is there any instance of a wild species of animal inhabiting one locality and [...]
[...] sixteen varieties to be kept from crossing? And iſ, as I believe, interbreeding does take place, how can the alleged distinctive style of eggs be preserved? Here I am at fault, and I shall be very glad if Mr. Newton will help me out of my difficulty. In the face of the alleged object, that the egg shalí be less [...]
[...] easily recognised as a substituted one, how are we to account for the fact that, in this country at least, a larger number of cuckoos' eggs are deposited in the nests of the hedge sparrow than in those of any other species, the speckled brown egg contrasting strongly with the greenish blue ones? [...]
[...] period.”—M. Balbiani communicated an investigation of the development and propagation of Strongylus gigas, in which he described the production and structure of the egg, and the development of the embryo of that parasite, the embryo of which he said, remains in the egg for five or six months in winter, and [...]
[...] experiments, from which it appears that this parasite does not pass directly from the egg into the animal in which it acquires its perfect development.—M. P. Fischer described the copulation and spawning of the Aplysie and Doſa' riſerae, as observed by [...]
[...] popping of the dry furze pods in the stillness, the quivering air above the heather, the startled spiders with their appended egg-bags, the grasshoppers, the green hair streaks, the gem-like tigerbeetles on the wing, in the distance the Mendips and the yellow sea, or the long rich [...]
[...] quires the patience of a Landois to trace these future glories of a butterfly within the chest of the caterpillar but lately escaped from the egg. But in considering the relation of growth to metamorpho sis, it must be remembered that some insects have no wings, [...]
[...] larva. They continue to grow and to be perfected during the whole of the life of the insect, until their function is called into action. They originate after the escape from the egg; but the structures, upon the consideration of which so much time has been spent this evening, originated during the embryonic or egg [...]
[...] sively developed, and that they grow from simple protoplasms into all their beauty and complexity of form during the stages after the escape from the egg. They are acquired organs; they are given to the insect during its progress of change. . Like the metamorphoses, they are [...]
[...] its progress of change. . Like the metamorphoses, they are superadded to the original condition of the embryo or the young within the egg. They are characteristic, to a great extent, of metamorphosis, and thus the notion that the organs and these states of change were both acquired and superadded is worthy [...]
[...] Another species belonging to the genus Psyche has very pretty male moths, but the female has no wings, legs, or feelers, and looks like a helpless egg-bag. She never quits a curious case made up of parts of flowers, in which the caterpillar and the pupa lived. [...]
[...] do this over and over again, senselessly it is true, but in obedience to an inherited and almost automatic impulse. There is no doubt that a great number of futile egg layings and [...]
[...] scene of its labour and hides the offspring from harm. The only satisfactory hint which can be gleaned respecting the origin of the provisioning of chambers in which an egg is left, is obtained by "abre's study of the habits of Bembir vidua. This mining wasp lays an egg which hatches very shortly, and the little mother [...]
[...] vegetarian, but she is known to sip the honey which may be on some of her victims. The instinct of a Bembix may have been altered by its eggs not hatching, and a series of victims may have been placed in the chamber automatically, instinctively, and without what is called [...]
[...] during the quiescent stage. Does the butterfly remember its existence as a gormandising caterpillar, and therefore retain some notion of the propriety of laying eggs over cabbages? Does the Odynerus fly remember its underground life, and obey some impulse to provide the unseen offspring with food different to [...]
[...] obtained the following explanation : One of these hens had hatched some guinea fowls' eggs, but after three days had neglected to perform the new functions incumbent on her, and had left the young brood"to themselves. Fortunately, the other hen, which [...]
[...] ber, gave direction that all the nests should be removed, and thus, by this wholesale order of destruction, about 8o nests with 366 eggs suddenly disappeared. Their fondest hopes being thus blighted, and the expected fruit of all their labour nipped, as it were, in the bud, the sparrows betook [...]
[...] experience of the last few years has revealed many in teresting facts concerning the development of this fish, through the egg, fry, smolt, and grilse stages, till it be comes a full-grown salmon, ! —, , , Fig. I represents the egg—natural size—of a salmon [...]
[...] tough, covered, with a soft horny membrane, with a minute opening through which a particle of the spawn the soft roer-Hof the male fish enters, and the egg is fer: tilised. From this moment the young fishi gradually de velops, under the influence of the cold nuaning water, [...]
[...] organs of the embryo fish. At the end of about 8o to Ioo days ſrom the deposition of the egg the fish has so increased in size that it bursts the “shell” and makes its début in the form represented at Fig. 3. The sac or umbilical vesicle attached to the [...]
[...] Fig. 1. FIG. 2. Fig. 1.-New-'ad Salmon Egg. Fig. 2.-Egg after about 35 days. [...]
[...] Sometimes earlier, it reaches the shallow headstreams of the river, in the gravelly beds of which it deposits its eggs, returning immediately afterwards to the sea, no [...]
[...] 3/., whereas, by dying in this condition, it was worth nothing. It had, however, done its duty by depositing perhaps 16,000 eggs. Only a very small percentage, however, of the eggs laid ever become adult fish. Floods wash them out of their gravel nests; ducks, and other [...]
[...] In the artificial system of breeding salmon the adult fish are caught just as they are on the spawning beds, and the eggs taken from them ; the ova and milt are properly mixed together, and the eggs placed in troughs of water so arranged as to imitate as closely as possible the natural [...]
[...] mon serratus); several groups of Seºula comfortup/irata and Aſcyonium digitatum. Four young rough-hounds (Scy'ium canã. cula) have been hatched from eggs laid during the last week in January. The period of their development in ovo is therefore six months. A large number of young Squid (Loligo zulgaris) [...]
[...] OW THE ORIGIN AND METAMORPHOSES OF may be divided into four periods. Thus, according to IAWSECTS Kirby and Spence * “The states through which insects I pass are four : the egg, the larva, the pupa, and the [...]
[...] some caterpillars which turned into butterflies.* Most persons, however, are aware that the great majority of insects quit the egg in a state very different from that which they ultimately assume ; and the general statement [...]
[...] Burmeister,t again, says that, excluding certain very rare anomalies, “we may observe four distinct periods of existence in every insect, namely, those of the egg, the larva, the pupa, and the imago, or perfect insect.” In fact, however, the various groups of insects differ very [...]
[...] toothed saw. With this instrument the female sawfly cuts a slit in the stem or leaf of a plant, into which she introduces her egg. The larva much resembles a caterpillar, both in form and habits. To this group belongs the nigger, or black [...]
[...] surface of leaves, buds, stalks, or even roots of various plants. In the wound thus produced she lays one or more eggs. The effects of this proceeding, and particu larly of the irritating fluid which she injects into the * Linnaean Transactions, 1863-" On the Developmentioſ Chloeon." [...]
[...] wound, is to produce a tumour or gall, within which the egg hatches, and on which the larva, a thick fleshy grub, (Plate 2, Fig. 7) feeds. In some species each gall con tains a single iárva ; in others, several live together. The [...]
[...] male, Another great group of the Hymenoptera is that of the ichneumons; the females lay their eggs either in or on other insects, within the bodies of which the larvae live. They are thick, fleshy, legless grubs, and feed on the [...]
[...] ful in preventing the too great multiplication of insects, and especially of caterpillars. Some species are , so minute that they even lay their eggs within those of other insects. The larvae of these genera assume very curious forms. [...]
[...] vous system, thus depriving it of motion, and let us hope of suffering, but not killing it; when, therefore, the young larva leaves the egg, it finds ready a sufficient store of wholesome food. Other wasps, like the bees and ants, are social, and dwell together in communities. They live [...]
[...] within which they turn into chrysales. The oval bodies which are so numerous in ants' nests, and which are generally called ants' eggs, are really cocoons, not eggs. Ants are very fond of the honey-dew which is formed by the Aphides, and have been seen to tap the [...]
[...] The controversy, not long ago revived, and carried on partly in this journal during 1869 and 1870 by Prof. Newton, concerning the eggs of the Cuckoo, makes the chapter devoted to that bird of special interest. On the subject of whether the hen bird is [...]
[...] makes the chapter devoted to that bird of special interest. On the subject of whether the hen bird is in the habit of always laying her eggs in nests of the same species of foster parent, Prof. Newton re marks (NATURE, vol. i. p. 75), “without attributing [...]
[...] any wonderful sagacity to the Cuckoo, it does seem likely that the bird which once successfully deposited her eggs in a Reed Wren's, or a Titlark's nest (as the case may be) when she had an egg to dispose of, and that she should continue her practice from one season to [...]
[...] pression ‘ Once successfully deposited f' Does the Cuckoo ever revisit a nest in which she has placed an egg and satisfy herself that her offspring is hatched and cared ſor If not (and I believe such an event is not usual, if indeed it has ever been known to [...]
[...] may perhaps lead him to return to it in its modified form. The assumption that the bird which once successfully deposited her eggs in a Reed Wren's or Titlark's nest, would again seek for one of the same species in other seasons because of her sagacity, or her knowledge of its [...]
[...] mation, and not essential for the subsequent deductions, in a Darwinian point of view. It is more logical to suppose that ancestral Cuckoos deposited their eggs broadcast. That those which got into Reed Wren's and Titlark's nests (as in instances) all, or nearly all, hatched [...]
[...] whose tendency was towards the utilisation of the Reed Wren's and Titlark's nests, and as a result the modern Cuckoo tends to place its eggs in those nests. The evidently genuine sketch made by Mrs. Blackburn of the nestling Cuckoo ejecting the young of the Titlark [...]
[...] necessary before this question can be settled. Besides the information given on subjects like the above, the nest and eggs of all the species, fifty in number, are described ; whilst exact measurements are included of closely allied forms, such as the Wood Warbler, the [...]
[...] visitors to the island) the pigs, which are supposed to have been left there by a passing ship some years ago, and which have rapidly multiplied, turn up the eggs in great numbers, and even devour the very young tortoises. The lessee should be bound to protect the animals and to [...]
[...] lays thrice every year, in the months of July, August, and September, each time from fifteen to twenty round hard shelled eggs. There is every reason to believe that the laying of eggs will not be interrupted by the transmis sion of the animals to England. [...]
